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Projects

References from 2024 to 2026 in hydrology and hydraulics: solar PV plants, wind farms, energy storage, river restoration and flood risk.

15
solar PV plants presented on this page
11
countries since 2024
1,249 ha
of plants studied, combined areas
2 to 500 years
return periods modelled

Figures based on the project sheets below. The combined area excludes two plants whose footprint is not given in hectares. For confidentiality reasons, only the country of each project is given.

Projects in France

Solar PV · River restoration
Map of simulated water depths, 4.5 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 4.5 ha solar PV plant
Flow velocity, T100

Solar PV · France · 2025

4.5 ha solar PV plant

Country
France
Area
4.5 ha, 4 to 5 MWp
Return periods
25, 50 and 100 years

Full hydrological and hydraulic study of the plant: pluvial flooding, erosion and stormwater management, up to the detailed drainage design.

  • Kiefer design storms and analysis of upstream inflows
  • HEC-RAS 6.6 2D modelling: flood extent, maximum water depth and flow velocity
  • Hazard and erosion mapping, risk reduction measures
  • Preliminary then detailed drainage design
Map of simulated water depths, wet meadow restoration along a river
Maximum water depths, Q100, design conditions
Map of simulated flow velocities, wet meadow restoration along a river
Maximum velocities, Q100, design conditions

River · France · 2025

Wet meadow restoration along a river

Country
France
Extent
3 km of river, 62 km² catchment
Return periods
2, 10 and 100 years

The study assesses the hydraulic effects of restoring wet meadows down to the confluence. The aim: encourage overbank flow in natural areas without increasing the risk in inhabited areas.

  • Q2, Q10 and Q100 flows by hydrological transfer and the regionalised Crupédix method
  • Floods of 6.1, 11.12 and 23.53 m³/s simulated with a downstream condition set by the receiving river
  • HEC-RAS 6.6 2D models, existing and design conditions, including crossing structures
  • Comparison of water levels and analysis of surcharging at the structures
Map of simulated water depths, restoration of a river and its structures
Maximum water depths
Map of simulated flow velocities, restoration of a river and its structures
Maximum velocities, mean annual flow

River · France · 2026

Restoration of a river and its structures

Country
France
Extent
River, tributary and two hydraulic structures
Flows studied
From QMNA5 reduced by 30% to Q50

Feasibility study for the restoration of a river and its tributary: flows, hydraulic structures including a mill, and impacts of the design options.

  • Coupled 1D/2D HEC-RAS model: main channel, floodplains, confluence and structures
  • Eight configurations compared: existing conditions and two levels of restoration ambition, structure open or closed
  • Six reference flows, from low flow to the 50-year flood
  • Maps of water depths, maximum velocities and overflow areas

Renewable energy abroad

Wind · Solar PV · HEC-RAS 2D
Map of simulated water recession time, two wind farms
Farm 1, recession time, T100
Map of simulated water recession time, two wind farms
Farm 2, recession time, T100

Wind · Oman · 2025

Two wind farms

Country
Oman
Assignment
Post-development check
Events
T25 and T100

Check of surface water recession on both farms: how long water stays above the drainage threshold, and compliance with the project owner’s criterion.

  • Unsteady HEC-RAS 6.6 2D modelling of runoff, ponding and drainage after rainfall
  • Recession time computed with an effective drainage threshold of 0.01 m and extended simulations
  • Recession time maps for T25 and T100, with analysis of critical low areas

Result. The facilities of one of the two farms drain in less than 48 h, against a 72 h criterion.

Solar PV · Italy · 2025

414 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 414 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100, plot 9
Map of simulated flow velocities, 414 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100, plot 9
Country
Italy
Area
414.3 ha, 9 plots
Return
T25 to T500
  • 24 h and 7 h design storms, local rain gauge and VAPI IDF curves
  • Nine HEC-RAS 6.4.1 2D models on detailed 0.10 m terrain
  • Concrete ditches and protection: vegetated swales, check dams, geomembranes, riprap

Solar PV · Chile · 2024

184 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 184 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 184 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100
Country
Chile
Area
184.37 ha
Return
T5 to T100
  • 0.10 m DTM and 12.5 m regional DTM, rainfall frequency analysis
  • HEC-RAS 6.4.1 2D with Curve Number, Manning roughness and existing culverts
  • Preliminary sizing of submersible trapezoidal channels and filling of depressions

Solar PV · Bulgaria · 2024

181 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 181 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 181 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100
Country
Bulgaria
Area
180.6 ha, 229.1 MWp
Return
T25 to T200
  • Analysis of extreme rainfall, IDF curves and hyetographs for four return periods
  • HEC-RAS 6.6 2D: flood extent, maximum depth and velocity
  • Drainage assessment and preliminary risk reduction measures

Solar PV · Italy · 2025

127 ha solar PV plant and its line

Map of simulated water depths, 127 ha solar PV plant and its line
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 127 ha solar PV plant and its line
Velocity, T100
Country
Italy
Area
127.17 ha and 23.07 km line
Return
T10 to T100
  • VAPI rainfall regionalisation, IDF curves and design hyetographs
  • HEC-RAS 6.6 2D over the five plots and the grid connection line
  • No-build zones, hazard, erosion and preliminary drainage

Solar PV · Chile · 2024

121 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 121 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 121 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100
Country
Chile
Area
121 ha
Return
T2 to T200
  • Contributing micro-catchments and national hydrometeorological data
  • Rainfall events for seven return periods, HEC-RAS 6.6 2D
  • Assessment of existing hydraulic infrastructure and drainage recommendations

Solar PV · Senegal · 2024

60 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 60 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 60 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100
Country
Senegal
Area
59.70 ha
Return
T10 to T100
  • 0.06 m DTM and 10 m regional model, rainfall statistics and IDF curves
  • Generally low hydraulic risk, localised depressions to address
  • Local regrading, vegetation cover, roads at natural ground level, ditches and submersible low-water crossings

Solar PV · Italy · 2024

52 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 52 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 52 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100
Country
Italy
Area
52.33 ha
Return
T25 to T500
  • Rainfall from a local gauge, VAPI IDF curves, 24 h hyetographs
  • Critical channels and depressions: 100-year depths locally above 1 m and velocities above 1 m/s
  • Drainage using existing and new channels, swales, check dams and correction of low points

Solar PV · Italy · 2024

30 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 30 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100, two areas
Map of simulated flow velocities, 30 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100, two areas
Country
Italy
Area
29.5 ha
Return
T25 to T500
  • 6 h design storms based on VAPI IDF data
  • HEC-RAS 6.6 2D: flood extent, depths and velocities
  • Check of drainage channel capacity and improvement measures

Solar PV · Germany · 2024

29 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 29 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 29 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100
Country
Germany
Area
About 29 ha
Return
T25 to T100
  • 0.15 m DTM, DWD rainfall and 24 h hyetographs
  • HEC-RAS 6.4.1 2D, 1 m mesh, Curve Number and Manning
  • Ponding at low points and near accesses: regrading, ditches, culverts or low-water crossings

Solar PV · Germany · 2024

17 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 17 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 17 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100
Country
Germany
Area
About 17 ha
Return
T10 to T500
  • 0.10 m DTM, KOSTRA-DWD rainfall, initial water level in the nearby stream
  • Drainage constraints related to a motorway and its existing culverts
  • Local earthworks, culvert maintenance, perimeter drainage along the motorway

Solar PV · Chile · 2024

16 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 16 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 16 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100
Country
Chile
Area
15.70 ha
Return
T5 to T100
  • HEC-RAS 6.4.1 2D with Curve Number, roughness and site boundary conditions
  • Two ponding areas: road embankment to the north-west, depression to the south-east
  • Perimeter channel to the nearby stream and filling of the depression

Solar PV · Chile · 2024

14 ha solar PV plant

Map of simulated water depths, 14 ha solar PV plant
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, 14 ha solar PV plant
Velocity, T100
Country
Chile
Area
14.2 ha
Return
T10 to T100
  • HEC-RAS 6.4.1 2D rain-on-grid on a 1 m topographic grid
  • Farm ditches and natural drainage to the west, internal ponding limited to T100
  • Levelling of low points, adaptation of roads, culverts and low-water crossings

Solar PV · Italy · 2025

Solar PV plant on eleven plots

Map of simulated water depths, solar PV plant on eleven plots
Water depth, T100, plot 1
Map of simulated flow velocities, solar PV plant on eleven plots
Velocity, T100, plot 1
Country
Italy
Footprint
11 plots
Return
T25 to T500
  • 24 h design storms based on VAPI IDF data
  • Eleven HEC-RAS 6.6 2D models: depths, velocities and hazard
  • Erosion assessment and preliminary drainage structures

Solar PV · Sweden · 2025

Solar PV plant, 16 km² catchment

Map of simulated water depths, solar PV plant, 16 km² catchment
Water depth, T100
Map of simulated flow velocities, solar PV plant, 16 km² catchment
Velocity, T100
Country
Sweden
Contributing catchment
16.20 km²
Return
T50 and T100
  • Rainfall-runoff response of the contributing catchment and peak hydrographs
  • HEC-RAS 6.6 2D, soil conditions during construction and operation
  • Infiltration tests and preliminary drainage recommendations

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